Astromelanin

• 10th Moscow International Salon of Industrial Property "ARCHIMEDES-2007"
• AstroMelanin as Radioprotector and Anticarcinogen
• The Antitumor activity of AstroMelanin
• AstroMelanin: Antitumor activity
• Report of United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies

"ARCHIMEDES-2007"

29.04.2007 :: 10th Moscow International Salon of Industrial Property "ARCHIMEDES-2007"
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29.04.2007 :: RBC News
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AstroMelanin as Radioprotector and Anticarcinogen

The biological effects of ionizing radiation have been investigated for more than 90 years.

As radiation penetrates matter, it gives up its energy through random interactions with atoms and molecules in its path. These interactions result in the formation of ions and reactive radicals which, in turn, can break chemical bonds and cause other forms of molecular damage.

At the cellular level, radiation injury may take various forms including inhibition of cell division, damage to chromosome, gene mutation, neoplastic transformation, and various other changes. All such effects are thought to be end — results of molecular lesions caused by radiation — induced ions, H₂O₂, and free radicals, that is they have an uppaired electron.

There is increasing interest at the present time in the roles of free radicals in relation to a variety of diseases and tissue injuries, in particular, radiation oncogenesis.

The immediat chemical consequences of the initial physical processes of ionization and excitation involve of free radicals. There can be no doubt that the initiating events in radiation carcinogenesis involve the participation of such free radical processes.

The initiation of radiation carcinogenesis involves interactions of free radicals with the nucleic acied material of the cell. Radiation and chemical carcinogenesis is a complex process.

Cancer is a process involving at least two stages that can be experimentally distinguished: initiation and promotion. Initiation involves an irreversible alteration of the cellular DNA that promits the carcinogenic transformation of the cell. Promotion produces condition that allow the initiated cell to become clonally unstable so that it actually does produce a tumour. Promotion generally occurs over a fairly long period and is reversible. Radiation carcinogenic potential depends upon absorbed radiation dose.

In recent years increasing evidence has implicated free radical mechanisms in the initiation and promotion of malignant transformation in vivo and in vitro. Much of the evidence has come from the evidence has come from the fact that the agents that scovenge free radicals directly or that interfere with the generation of free radical-mediated events inhibit the neoplastic process.

AstroMelanin serve as food additive (added externally by dietary) can act as anticarcinogen, inhibiting radiogenic and chemically induced transformation. Their protective action is in particular, mediated via the inhibition of the free radical process. Thus radioprotection may take place through scavenging of radicals that would ot herwise inflict damage, or through restitution reactions, such as H atom or electron donation.

Therapeutic use of AstroMelanin include pigment as a target for various type of radiation. It is shown that electrondense AstroMelanin absores various type of radiation. Nadsoniella nigra var. hesuelica, yeasts containing in cells black pigment AstroMelanin, appeared to be much more resistance to the lethal and mutagen action of short-wave electromagnetic radiation (X-ray, Y-ray and uv light) exposure than white yeasts.Addition of the water-soluble preparation of AstroMelanin to a suspension of the pigmentless vegetative cells before their irradiation with uv, considerable increased their resistance to this factor. AstroMelanin effectively suppresses the uv eight — induced free radical products not only through a passive decrease of uv irradiaction (optical screening), by also active chemical inhibition of the redox reaction. High stability of the black yeast Nadsoniella nigra var. hesuelica to H₂O₂ (with low catalase activity) seems to be due to an ability of AstroMelanin to bind H₂O₂ and hence eliminate its toxic action on the cells.

AstroMelanin has anti-toxin characteristics as a free radical scavenger or oxygen scavenger, and as such can serve as a terminator for free radical chain reactions. As a labile free radical scavenger, AstroMelanin may play an important roll in preserving cells from toxic effects of O₂.This drug used in low doses is due to the immunopharcological activity in vitro and in vivo experiment.

Thus, from the data it is possible to conclude that AstroMelanin has a number of properties which can be exploited to both alter cellular metabolism and/or remove extra-and introcellular toxins.

Special attention is drawn to fact of the presence in the AstroMelanin of unique high concentrations of stable free radicals (paramagnetic centres) -10¹⁹pmc/gm dry substance, that can inhibit labile free radicals (as a labile free radicals scavenger), and as such can serve as a terminator of free radical chain reactions.

As known, malignant growth always accompanied by high increase in concentration of labile free radicals that injure the health cells and tissues of organisms.

Thus, therapeutic use of AstroMelanin include AstroMelanin as a radioprotector and anticarcinogen.

The very important property of AstroMelanin is its perfect nontoxity (orally) in suitable therapeutic dosage.

Authors/Inventors: S.P. Liakh, M.L. Boulgak, A.G. Issaev.

Marketing director: Victoria Smirnoff, Russia Moscow

The Antitumor activity of AstroMelanin

Melanogenesis, production of the biological polymer melanin, is a widespread phenomena in nature occuring in most phyla, in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. While the name "melanin" in Greek means black, not all melanins as pigments are black. Melanin are polymers of phenolic type that differs not only by bounds but by monomer units, polymers that being formed in live organisms by different but in mostly unknown ways.

As known malignant growth always accompanied by high increase in concentration of labile free radicals that injure the health cells and tissues of organisms. Melanins have anti-toxin characteristics as a labile free radical scavenger, and as such can serve as a terminator of free radical chain reactions. Furthermore, melanins has a number of properties which can be exploited to both alter cellular metabolism and/or remove intra- and intracellular toxins. Melanins are the unique natural polymers with high concentration of stable paramagnetic centers (free radicals) that can inhibit labile free radicals.

AstroMelanin is the first microbic melanin that shown — by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method — the presence of unique high concentrations of stable free radicals -10¹⁹ unit/gm dry substance, taken from biotechnologically grown up biomass of microorganism-producer-Antarctic black yeasts Nadsoniella nigra var.hesuelica. The parental strain-producer 365, considerably differing from all the cultures described in the literature, was isola ted from primitive soil collected in Antarctic island. In living cells this substance was evolutionary (by natural selection) developed as an effective protection against extreme conditions of environment in Antarctic Continent. The strain-producer 365 contains significant amounts of AstroMelanin in cell walls. Mutant 1 — 365 which intensively synthetized an extracellular melanin was obtained by X-ray irradiation of the parent cells of strain 365 in dose of 250 krad.

The strains is grown in bioreactor. AstroMelanin is obtained from biomass by extracting and purification. Dry compound in appearance is black lustre crystals.

The organisms-producers is nonpathogenic the technology is ecologically safe. A manufacture can be unlimited.

The scientific reserche concerning an origin and a source of the AstroMelanin are given in the monographs of one of the inventions/authors: Liakh S. P., Ruban E. L. "Microbial melanins" Moscow: Science, 1972; Liakh S. P. "Low temperature adaptation of microorganisms" Moscow: Science, 1976; Liakh S.P. "Microbial melaninogenesis and its functions" Moscow: Science, 1981".

The experimental results demonstrated high cytotoxic activity of AstroMelanin against human cancer cells growing in culture: melanoma, non swall cell lung cancer, breast cancer cells, ovarian, colon tumor cell lines, leukemia cells, stomach adenocarcinoma cell lines and on some patients-volunteer who were cured from melanoma, lung cancer metastasis, colon cancer, breast tumor ect. The ability of AstroMelanin cross the blood-brain barrier permit easier treatment of brain tumors. This drug is particularly effective with late stage of diseases accompanied by constant (permanent) oncologic pains because AstroMelanin is a natural analgetic drug.

AstroMelanin demonstrated marked immunomodulating activity in model cell immunity reactions in vitro and in vivo study in the oncologic clinic (breast adenocarcinoma, epidermoid corcinoma of uterine neck).

AstroMelanin can be administered by any means, but for present purposes it is prefered to administer it orally. Although the suitable therapeutic dosage should not exceed 30 — 40 mg per day, patients may be given more as required. When using inside AstroMelanin does not show a toxicity, its LD 50=3200 mg/kg. Contraindications and side effects are not revealed.

High efficiency, simplicity of use. Drug safety of AstroMelanin and relatively low price in case of organisation of undustrial manufacture will promote its wide usage inclinic oncology and addition in preventive (prophylactic) dietotherapy in case of oncologic risk, for example, in case of oncologic genetic predisposition.

Authors/Inventors: S.P. Liakh, M.L. Boulgak, A.G. Issaev.

Marketing director: Victoria Smirnoff, Moscow Russia

AstroMelanin: Antitumor activity

As known malignant growth always accompanied by high increase in concentration of labile free radicals that injure the health cells and tissues of organisms. Melanins are the unique natural polymers with high concentration of stable paramagnetic centers (free radicals) that can inhibit labile free radical and can serve as a terminator of free radical chain reaction (as a labile free radical scavenger).

AstroMelanin is the first microbial melanin that shown the presence of unique high concentrations of stable free radicals 1,6x10¹⁹ unit/gm dry substance.

The experimental results demonstrated high cytotoxic activity of AstroMelanin against human cancer cell growing in culture: melanoma, lung cancer cells, breast, ovarian, colon tumor cell lines, leukemia cells, stomach adenocarcinoma cell lines and on some patient who were cured from melanoma, lung cancer metastasis, colon cancer, breast tumor ect. This drug is particularly effective with late stage of diseases accompanied by constant oncologic pains. AstroMelanin demonstrated marked immunomodulating activity in model cell immunity reactions in vitro and in vivo study in the oncologic clinic. When using inside AstroMelanin does not show a toxicity, its LD50=3200 m/|kg. AstroMelanin is effective in preventive (prophylactic) dietotherapy in case of oncologic risk, for example, in case of oncologic genetic predisposition or radiation ingury (the risk of radiation carcinogenesis).

AstroMelanin is natural substance, taken from biotechologically grown up biomass of microorganism-Antarctic black yeasts Nadsoniella nigra var. hesuelica the thechnology is ecologically safe.

Authors/Inventors: S. P. Liakh, M. L. Boulgak, A. G. Issaev.

Marketing director: Victoria Smirnoff, Moscow Russia.

Patents RU ## 2069696, 2069697, 2116036, 2116037, 2139069, PCT/RU 96/00300-wo 97/34010, PCT/RU 96/00301-WO/34011, PCT/RU/00043-wo 00/20012

Report of United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies

Astromelanin was mentioned in United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies new report The International Regime for Bioprospecting: Existing Policies and Emerging Issues for Antarctica:

"Many scientists believe that isolating and extracting the substances that allow these organisms to prosper could have enormous implications in biotechnology research, possibly leading to new cancer treatment drugs, antibiotics and industrial compounds.

A preliminary scan of the US Patent Office database identified more than 300 references to Antarctica and 92 applications for patents that referred to Antarctica . A similar survey of European Patent Office records turned up 62 patents that rely on Antarctic biodiversity.

Some recent examples:

- In 2002, Spain granted a patent for the wound healing and skin, hair and nail treatment properties of a glycoprotein extracted from an Antarctic bacteria;

- The same year, an extract from an Antarctic green algae was patented in Germany for use in cosmetic skin treatment;

- In 1997, a patent was granted by the Russian patent office for the production of biologically active substances with anti-tumour properties extracted from a strain of Antarctic black yeast;

- An application currently with the US Patent Office covers a process for producing anti-freeze chemicals discovered in Antarctic bacteria which may help to increase the shelf life of foods such as ice-cream and frozen vegetables."

Copyright © 2008 Victoria Smirnoff